Unveiling the Complex World of Bacterial Biofilms: Implications for Disease and Therapeutic Innovations

Biofilm is a complex formation of microorganisms that adhere to the surface and create a community of different bacterial colonies or a group of single cells that exhibit changes in their physical and genetic appearance and give protection from hostile environments. Biofilm matrix gives bacteria the ability to impede antibiotics, indicating more resistance power and increasing the emersion of infection caused by numerous severely multi-drug resistance bugs. Bacterial biofilms relate to several infectious diseases, including those that affect the auditory, cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive, respiratory, urinary system, etc. Microorganisms including Gardnerella vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Corynebacterium tuberculstearicum, Bordetella pertussis, Streptococci, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Clostridium spp., etc. develop biofilms and are linked to these diseases. This study attempts to evaluate the involvement of bacterial biofilm in numerous diseases affecting various human body systems and reference their diagnostic approach such as PCR, mass spectrometry, FISH, ELISA test, SEM, hysteroscopy, CT scans, DNA microarray, microbiological analyses, etc. Besides, various approaches to control these biofilm-related infections such as natural antimicrobial compounds, nanoparticles, enzyme inhibitors, quorum sensing inhibitors, bacteriophages, DNase therapy, antimicrobial peptides, antimicrobial coatings, liposomes, antibiotics, etc. are also described. The goal of this study is to gain a better understanding of biofilm’s involvement with various disease progression along with the different antibiofilm strategies.